F
forman.simon
I was investigating G. Spencer-Brown's Laws of Form[1] by implementing it
in Python. You can represent the "marks" of LoF as datastructures in
Python composed entirely of tuples.
For example:
A mark: ()
A mark next to a mark: (), ()
A mark within a mark: ((),)
and so on...
It is known that the propositional calculus can be represented by the
"arithmetic of the mark". The two rules suffice:
((),) == nothing
() == (), ()
There are details, but essentially math and logic can be derived from the
behaviour of "the mark".
After reading "Every Bit Counts"[2] I spent some time trying to come up
with an EBC coding for the circle language (Laws of Form expressed as
tuples, See Burnett-Stuart's "The Markable Mark"[3])
With a little skull-sweat I found the following encoding:
For the empty state (no mark) write '0'.
Start at the left, if you encounter a boundary (one "side" of a mark, or
the left, opening, parenthesis) write a '1'.
Repeat for the contents of the mark, then the neighbors.
_ -> 0
() -> 100
(), () -> 10100
((),) -> 11000
and so on...
I recognized these numbers as the patterns of the language called
'Iota'.[4]
Briefly, the SK combinators:
S = λx.λy.λz.xz(yz)
K = λx.λy.x
Or, in Python:
S = lambda x: lambda y: lambda z: x(z)(y(z))
K = lambda x: lambda y: x
can be used to define the combinator used to implement Iota:
i = λc.cSK
or,
i = lambda c: c(S)(K)
And the bitstrings are decoded like so: if you encounter '0' return i,
otherwise decode two terms and apply the first to the second.
In other words, the empty space, or '0', corresponds to i:
_ -> 0 -> i
and the mark () corresponds to i applied to itself:
() -> 100 -> i(i)
which is an Identity function I.
The S and K combinators can be "recovered" by application of i to itself
like so (this is Python code, note that I am able to use 'is' instead of
the weaker '==' operator. The i combinator is actually recovering the
very same lambda functions used to create it. Neat, eh?):
K is i(i(i(i))) is decode('1010100')
S is i(i(i(i(i)))) is decode('101010100')
Where decode is defined (in Python) as:
decode = lambda path: _decode(path)[0]
def _decode(path):
bit, path = path[0], path[1:]
if bit == '0':
return i, path
A, path = _decode(path)
B, path = _decode(path)
return A(B), path
(I should note that there is an interesting possibility of encoding the
tuples two ways: contents before neighbors (depth-first) or neighbors
before content (breadth-first). Here we look at the former.)
So, in "Laws of Form" K is ()()() and S is ()()()() and, amusingly, the
identity function I is ().
The term '(())foo' applies the identity function to foo, which matches the
behaviour of the (()) form in the Circle Arithmetic (()) == _ ("nothing".)
(())A -> i(i)(A) -> I(A) -> A
I just discovered this (that the Laws of Form have a direct mapping to
the combinator calculus[5] by means of λc.cSK) and I haven't found anyone
else mentioning yet (although [6] might, I haven't worked my way all the
way through it yet.)
There are many interesting avenues to explore from here, and I personally
am just beginning, but this seems like something worth reporting.
Warm regards,
~Simon Peter Forman
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Form
[2] research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/dimitris/every-bit-counts.pdf
[3] http://www.markability.net/
[4] http://semarch.linguistics.fas.nyu.edu/barker/Iota/
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI_combinator_calculus have
[6] http://memristors.memristics.com/Co...F/Combinatory Logic and the Laws of Form.html
in Python. You can represent the "marks" of LoF as datastructures in
Python composed entirely of tuples.
For example:
A mark: ()
A mark next to a mark: (), ()
A mark within a mark: ((),)
and so on...
It is known that the propositional calculus can be represented by the
"arithmetic of the mark". The two rules suffice:
((),) == nothing
() == (), ()
There are details, but essentially math and logic can be derived from the
behaviour of "the mark".
After reading "Every Bit Counts"[2] I spent some time trying to come up
with an EBC coding for the circle language (Laws of Form expressed as
tuples, See Burnett-Stuart's "The Markable Mark"[3])
With a little skull-sweat I found the following encoding:
For the empty state (no mark) write '0'.
Start at the left, if you encounter a boundary (one "side" of a mark, or
the left, opening, parenthesis) write a '1'.
Repeat for the contents of the mark, then the neighbors.
_ -> 0
() -> 100
(), () -> 10100
((),) -> 11000
and so on...
I recognized these numbers as the patterns of the language called
'Iota'.[4]
Briefly, the SK combinators:
S = λx.λy.λz.xz(yz)
K = λx.λy.x
Or, in Python:
S = lambda x: lambda y: lambda z: x(z)(y(z))
K = lambda x: lambda y: x
can be used to define the combinator used to implement Iota:
i = λc.cSK
or,
i = lambda c: c(S)(K)
And the bitstrings are decoded like so: if you encounter '0' return i,
otherwise decode two terms and apply the first to the second.
In other words, the empty space, or '0', corresponds to i:
_ -> 0 -> i
and the mark () corresponds to i applied to itself:
() -> 100 -> i(i)
which is an Identity function I.
The S and K combinators can be "recovered" by application of i to itself
like so (this is Python code, note that I am able to use 'is' instead of
the weaker '==' operator. The i combinator is actually recovering the
very same lambda functions used to create it. Neat, eh?):
K is i(i(i(i))) is decode('1010100')
S is i(i(i(i(i)))) is decode('101010100')
Where decode is defined (in Python) as:
decode = lambda path: _decode(path)[0]
def _decode(path):
bit, path = path[0], path[1:]
if bit == '0':
return i, path
A, path = _decode(path)
B, path = _decode(path)
return A(B), path
(I should note that there is an interesting possibility of encoding the
tuples two ways: contents before neighbors (depth-first) or neighbors
before content (breadth-first). Here we look at the former.)
So, in "Laws of Form" K is ()()() and S is ()()()() and, amusingly, the
identity function I is ().
The term '(())foo' applies the identity function to foo, which matches the
behaviour of the (()) form in the Circle Arithmetic (()) == _ ("nothing".)
(())A -> i(i)(A) -> I(A) -> A
I just discovered this (that the Laws of Form have a direct mapping to
the combinator calculus[5] by means of λc.cSK) and I haven't found anyone
else mentioning yet (although [6] might, I haven't worked my way all the
way through it yet.)
There are many interesting avenues to explore from here, and I personally
am just beginning, but this seems like something worth reporting.
Warm regards,
~Simon Peter Forman
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Form
[2] research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/dimitris/every-bit-counts.pdf
[3] http://www.markability.net/
[4] http://semarch.linguistics.fas.nyu.edu/barker/Iota/
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI_combinator_calculus have
[6] http://memristors.memristics.com/Co...F/Combinatory Logic and the Laws of Form.html