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Message: [QUOTE="SG, post: 3816546"] Right. The difference is that in Java you are limited to object references. Such an object reference can be uninitialized so the compiler can warn about read access to these references. In C++ you could ... (1) create the object on the stack at which point it is considered initialized by the compiler. This would be a case for late definition. (2) use an uninitialized pointer instead. The compiler can warn about read access of uninitialized pointers. This is similar to the Java version with references. It's okay to define these pointers early. (3) use a default constructed smart pointer. Such a thing is also considered initialized by the compiler which suggests late definition of smart pointers. Compare smart pointers to native pointers the native pointers have a slight advantage over smart pointers in that the compiler can warn about the use of uninitialized pointers. Cheers! SG [/QUOTE]