Thomas said:
People who have english as their second language often have a better
grasp of grammar and semantics of words than native speakers (if
they have been learning the language for some time). The reason is
that native speakers generally know very little outside colloquial
meanings of words unless these words happens to have formal meanings
in some area the person has some expertise in.
I partly agree, in that (in my experience) non-native speakers often
know more about supposed rules of English grammar. This is, I think,
largely due to the inadequacy of the British[0] education system.
With regard to semantics, it's not so clear that non-native speakers
have the upper hand. English is not a static, fixed thing that can be
mastered once and for all (like C90, say). It is rather living,
changing; its structure and semantics are determined by the community
in which it is used. This is true in the obvious sense that new words
and phrases are continually being added to the language while others
fall out of use. It's true in a much deeper sense, though, because
the meaning of individual words is determined not by a dictionary, but
by use. A word is used for the first time in a particular context:
the meaning shifts, the word acquires new associations[1]. If you are
not a part of the community in which this takes place then you will
fail to acquire these subtler, undocumented senses. At best, a
dictionary describes a partial snapshot of the language at a given
time, but the description of words is inevitably far cruder, although
(indeed, because) more precisely expressed than their "actual"
meaning.
It's not even necessary to look further than this august forum for
examples. What associations do the words "Rule", "confused",
"engage", "nasal", "chapter", etc. carry? Use of these, and other,
words in this newsgroup will evoke certain associations in regular
readers ("native speakers", if you like) that are not apparent to
those outside the community. Similarly, members of the
English-speaking community share a subtle understanding, perhaps
largely unconscious, of words and phrases in current use that is not
available to outsiders.
Non-native speakers are able to acquire knowledge of English as it is
actually used only to the extent to which they participate in the
English-speaking community - that is, only to the degree to which they
become "native".
A non-native speaker may bring to the language an understanding of why
things are structured as they are. He may be able to express himself
with greater ease, elegance and even precision. However, if he claims
a different knowledge of the meaning of certain words than that of
(the mass of) native speakers in general then his understanding is
simply wrong. His semantics may coincide with those of a dictionary,
they may be etymologically justifiable, but (if they differ from those
generally understood by native speakers) then they are not the
semantics of English.
Jeremy.
[0] The language spoken by Americans and others bears only a
superficial resemblance to English, so they're excluded from these
comments.
[1] Marketing is essentially an attempt to abuse and control these
changing meanings, to forcibly associate certain words and phrases
with particular products in the minds of the public.